With the Advent of the 1980s…

The components of decision-making based on complexity theory principles had been well supported by research, and further training to improve decision-making using these principles had been shown to be effective.

Crisis decisions are most effectively made by humans. Unfortunately, however, human decision-makers are, at times, less than perfect. The majority of disasters (e.g., in aircraft crashes) are due to human error (not due to mechanical failures), and in some cases, e.g., the Three Mile Island accident, the stressor levels far exceed the response capacity of human decision-makers as well as their available knowledge.